Vocalizaciones de Tití Cabeciblanco

El Tití Cabeciblanco tiene un amplio repertorio vocal el cual se deriva de la variación de dos elementos básicos y la combinación secuencial de estos elementos (Cleveland y 1982 Snowdon). Las vocalizaciones descritas aquí fueron registradas por más de 18 meses en una colonia cautiva en Madison, Wisconsin, con una grabadora estéreo Uher 4200 usando un micrófono Sennheiser MD 441 y una cinta de grabación Scotch 209 o 177 de bajo ruido. Las grabaciones fueron hechas en 9.5 cm/s. Los sonidos de los espectrogramas fueron hechos en un Sonógrafo Kay Modelo 6061 B que usa un filtro de banda de cinta estrecha (90 Hz) sobre la gama de frecuencia de 160 a 16,000 Hz.

Evaluando las correlaciones estructurales y conductuales de las vocalizaciones, Se identificaron 38 sonidos diferentes o combinaciones de sonidos. Al simplificar la descripción del repertorio y basados en la estructura, los sonidos fueron agrupados dentro de seis clases principales

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Clase 1: Frecuencia Simple Modulando Sílabas

A. A. Llamadas de Corta Duración - los Gorjeos fueron clasificados según cuatro parámetros estructurales: presencia o ausencia de "stem upsweep," duración, máxima frecuencia, y cambio de frecuencia. Mirar la tabla 1 para parámetros de llamada.

Gorjeo Tipo A (Mobbing)	Durante comportamiento mobbing, para estímulos repentinos animados. Por algunos grupos hacia alimentos preferidos. Raras veces dado a estímulos acústicos.
Gorjeo Tipo B (Dirigido al Investigador)	A observadores humanos u objetos familiares
Gorjeo Tipo C (Prealimentación)	Durante el acercamiento al alimento o cuando el individuo se acerca al objeto que cogió y oralmente lo explora.
Gorjeo Tipo D (Postalimento)	Cuando el animal en realidad posee el alimento o el objeto.
Gorjeo Tipo E (Alarma General)	A estímulos repentinos visuales y acústicos. A movimientos de saltos repentinos de miembros del grupo si el animal es asustado.
Gorjeo Tipo F (Intergroup)	Durante las llamadas intergrupales antifonales de Llamadas Largas Normales Largas. Vocalizaciones audibles a grupo externo.
Gorjeo Tipo G (Investigador no específico)	Durante ambiente de exploración relajado.
Gorjeo Tipo H (Alarma Suave)	A estímulos visuales nuevos cercanos.

Tabla 1. Parámetros que diferencian los tipos de gorjeos.

B. Llamadas de larga Duración

Chillido	Durante el contacto físico activo por el participante pasivo: durante juego de lucha o acercamiento de caras entre dos individuos.
Grito Corto	Lo mismo que un gorjeo Tipo A

Clase 2: Vocalizaciones Pulsantes

Gorjeo	Lo mismo que Chillido. Es resultado de la intensificación del Contexto del Chillido.
Hooked Chatter	Same as Type D Chirp (food related). As infants approach.
Chevron Chatter	Towards humans when animal is netted or placed in small cage. Also by some animals in response to human approaching them closely in home cage.
Type E Chirp Chatter	Same as for Type A Chirp only when animal is more highly aroused.
Type F Chirp Trill	Same as for Type F Chirp. Tilling indicative of a higer state of arousal than Type F Chirp alone.
Type H Chirp Trill	Same as for Type H Chirp.
Type A Trill	During Antiphonal Call play interactions prior to attempted play mounts.
Type B Trill	By individuals as they approach young infants to retrieve them. Also given by animals carrying young infants when infants move, vocalize or attempt to climb off.
Type C Trill	Signals the end of a nursing bout, interspersed with Terminally Modulated Whistles.

Class 3: Single Whistles

Squeak	In vigilance, foraging and investigatory activities. Increase in rate of emission with increase in arousal.
Large Initially Modulated Whistle	Given greater than 0.6 m from other animals in low arousal situation. Not given during resting, grooming, nursing, except occasionally when animals break contact. Occurs during Antiphonal Call play
Small Initially Modulated Whistle	Same as Large Initially Modulated Whistle except given at distances less than 0.6 m from other group members.
Terminally Modulated Whistle	By individuals in resting contact, during grooming, by mothers during nursing, by parents and siblings retrieving and carrying infants.
Flat Whistle	Given following Type F, H or E Chirp Trills

Class 4: Multiple Whistle Calls

Ascending Multi-Whistle (Intragroup)	By animals in huddles, by mothers nursing infants.
Descending Multi-Whistle (Intragroup)	Same as Ascending Multi-Whistle and Terminally Modulated Whistle. More commonly given to infants.
Partial Quiet Long Call (Intragroup)	By mothers nursing infants. By subadults during close huddle contact and pauses during wrestle play.
Rapid Whistles (Intragroup)	Before an approach to mount during Anti-phonal Call play.
Quiet Long Call (Intergroup)	To audible Single Whistles, Chevron Chatters, Type H Trills, Twitters, Long Calls from unfamiliar animals. Occasionally given to no obvious stimulus during group huddles.
Normal Long Call (Intergroup)	To distant non-group Combination Long Calls, Normal Long Calls, Type F Chirps. During isolation.

Class 5. Combination Vocalizations

Small Modulated Multi-Level	Same as Small Initially Modulated Whistle
Large Modulated Multi-Level	Same as Large Initially Modulated Whistle
Combination Long Call	During play, isolation or when socially disturbed. When animal not in contact.
Inverted U + Whistle	In alarm to faint acoustical stimuli after an alert has been signaled.
Type F Chirp + Whistle	By individuals less confident than when giving Normal Long Calls. As response to Combination or Normal Long Calls or non-group Type F Chirps. In isolation.

Class 6. Noisy Calls

Squawk	By recipient of aggressive behavior. In some animals as an appeasement gesture, by others as an invitation for grooming.
Scream	When animals attempt to steal food.
Sneeze	After eating, drinking water, sniffing or as result of rubbing nose on substrate or with hand.